Witte, W.; Powalla, M.; Hariskos, D.; Eicke, A.; Botros, M.; Schock, H.-W.; Abou-Ras, D.; Mainz, R.; Rodriguez-Alvarez, H.; Unold, T.; Bauer, G.H.; Brüggemann, R.; Heise, S.J.; Neumann, O.; Meessen, M.; Christen, J.; Bertram, F.; Müller, M.; Klein, A.; Adler, T.; Albe, K.; Pohl, J.; Martin, M.; De Souza, R.A.; Nagarajan, L.; Beckers, T.; Boit, C.; Dietrich, J.; Hetterich, M.; Zhang, Z.; Scheer, R.; Kempa, H.; Orgis, T.: Chemical Gradients in Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 Thin-Film Solar Cells: Results of the GRACIS Project. In: Nowak, S. [Ed.] : 27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition ; Frankfurt, Main: EU PVSEC ; 24.9.2012-28.9.2012München: WIP, 2012. - ISBN 3-936338-28-0, p. 2166-2173
10.4229/27thEUPVSEC2012-3BO.4.1
Open Access Version
(available 01.01.3000)Abstract:
The German joint research project “Chemical Gradients in Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)” (GRACIS) is an initiative to gain a better physical understanding concerning the formation of chemical gradients in the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)_(CIGS) absorber layers and at the CIGS/buffer interface. This article presents the current status of the GRACIS project after three years of execution with results concerning phase formation during chalcogenization and co-evaporation processes, influence of Ga grading on structural and electrical parameters as well as on inhomogeneities on the µm scale of CIGS. Special features of the CIGS/Zn(O,S) buffer interface are discussed and compared to CIGS solar cells with CdS buffer. In addition, our experimental results are supported by 3D simulations and calculations using screened-exchanged hybrid density functional theory.