Gunder, R.; Márquez-Prieto, J.A.; Gurieva, G.; Unold, T.; Schorr, S.: Structural characterization of off-stoichiometric kesterite-type Cu2ZnGeSe4 compound semiconductors: from cation distribution to intrinsic point defect density. CrystEngComm 20 (2018), p. 1491-1498
10.1039/c7ce02090b
Open Accesn Version
Abstract:
The substitution of Ge4+ for Sn4+ in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) kesterite-type absorber layers for thin film solar cells has proven to enhance the opto-electronic properties of the material. By cationic substitution, in general, the optical bandgap can be more readily designed for the purpose of bandgap engineering, and the substitution of Sn4+ by Ge4+, in particular, widens the optical bandgap such that it can be employed both for photovoltaics as well as solar fuel quarrying by photocatalytic water splitting. This work is an experimental study of intrinsic point defects in off-stoichiometric kesterite-type Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe) by means of neutron powder diffraction. We revealed the existence of copper vacancies (VCu), various cation antisite defects (CuZn, ZnCu, ZnGe, CuGe) as well as interstitials (Cui, Zni) in a wide range of off-stoichiometric polycrystalline material synthesized by solid state reaction. In addition to the off-stoichiometry type specific defects, Cu/Zn disorder is always present in the kesterite-type CZGSe phase. While compositional changes are clearly reflected by the tetragonal deformation c/2a, the lattice parameters a, c seem differently responding to point defect types and concentration variations, respectively. The CuGe antisite defect which is known to greatly deteriorate the opto-electronic properties exists only in Cu-rich CZGSe, but appears already in CZGSe with Cu/(Zn+Ge)≈1. Furthermore we showed by diffuse reflectance hyperspectral imaging a widening of the energy bandgap in off-stoichiometric kesterite-type CZGSe with decreasing Cu/(Zn+Ge).