Business card Dr. Iver Lauermann

• Chemist
• Institute Competence Centre Photovoltaics Berlin (PVcomB)
• (030) 8062 - 15694
• (030) 8062 - 15677
• 0000-0002-9119-3770
• Email

Chemist

PhD thesis:
1991 at the Institut for Solar Energy Research in Hannover (ISFH)
Title: "The photoelectrochemistry of silicon carbide"

Current status:
Senior scientist at PVcomB/HZB

Current research activity:
X-ray based analysis of surfaces and interfaces of chalkopyrite thin film solar cells, energy and catalytic materials. Development and characterization of CIGS/perovskite tandem devices.

Address in Adlershof (WCRC)
Phone: 0049-30 8062-15694
Schwarzschildstraße 3, building 19.5, room3.1.17
12489 Berlin
Germany

Selected Publications

2022

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  Aktas, E.; Pudi, R.; Phung, N.; Wenisch, R.; Gregori, L.; Meggiolaro, D.; Flatken, M.A.; De Angelis, F.; Lauermann, I.; Abate, A.; Palomares, E.: Role of Terminal Group Position in Triphenylamine-Based Self-Assembled Hole-Selective Molecules in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14 (2022), p. 17461-17469
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  Steigert, A.; Kojda, D.; Ibaceta-Jaña, J.; Abou-Ras, D.; Gunder, R.; Alktash, N.; Habicht, K.; Wagner, M.R.; Klenk, R.; Raoux, S.; Szyszka, B.; Lauermann, I.; Muydinov, R.: Water-assisted crystallization of amorphous indium zinc oxide films. Materials Today Communications 31 (2022), p. 103213/1-10

2021

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  Aktas, E.; Phung, N.; Köbler, H.; González, D.A.; Méndez, M.; Kafedjiska, I.; Turren-Cruz, S.-H.; Wenisch, R.; Lauermann, I.; Abate, A.; Palomares, E.: Understanding the perovskite/self-assembled selective contact interface for ultra-stable and highly efficient p–i–n perovskite solar cells. Energy & Environmental Science 14 (2021), p. 3976–3985
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  Bao, F.; Kemppainen, E.; Dorbandt, I.; Xi, F.; Bors, R.; Maticiuc, N.; Wenisch, R.; Bagacki, R.; Schary, C.; Michalczik, U.; Bogdanoff, P.; Lauermann, I.; Krol, R. van de; Schlatmann, R.; Calnan, S.: Host, Suppressor, and Promoter - The Roles of Ni and Fe on Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity and Stability of NiFe Alloy Thin Films in Alkaline Media. ACS Catalysis 11 (2021), p. 10537-10552
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  Caprioglio, P.; Cruz, D.S.; Caicedo-Dávila, S.; Zu, F.; Sutanto, A.A.; Peña-Camargo, F.; Kegelmann, L.; Meggiolaro, D.; Gregori, L.; Wolff, C.M.; Stiller, B.; Perdigón-Toro, L.; Köbler, H.; Li, B.; Gutierrez-Partida, E.; Lauermann, I.; Abate, A.; Koch, N.; Angelis, F. De; Rech, B.; Grancini, G.; Abou-Ras, D.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Stolterfoht, M; Albrecht, S.; Antonietti, M.; Neher, D.: Bi-functional Interfaces by Poly-Ionic Liquid Treatment in Efficient pin and nip Perovskite Solar Cells. Energy & Environmental Science 14 (2021), p. 4508-4522
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  Majumdar, I.; Sahoo, S.K.; Parvan, V.; Mirhosseini, H.; Chacko, B.; Wang, Y.; Greiner, D.; Kühne, T.D.; Schlatmann, R.; Lauermann, I.: Effects of KF and RbF treatments on Cu(In,Ga)Se₂-based solar cells: A combined photoelectron spectroscopy and DFT study. Applied Surface Science 538 (2021), p. 148085/1-10
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  Maleki, M.; Tichter, T.; El-Nagar, G.A.; Lauermann, I.; Roth, C.: Hybrid Electrospun Nanofibers as Electrocatalyst for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Theory and Experiment. ChemElectroChem 8 (2021), p. 218 –226
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  Maticiuc, N.; Kodalle, T.; Ümsür, B.; Bertram, T.; Wenisch, R.; Wang, Y.; Majumdar, I.; Yetkin, H.A.; Abou-Ras, D.; Schäfer, N.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Schlatmann, R.; Lauermann, I.: Depth-resolved analysis of the effect of RbF post deposition treatment on CIGSe with two different Cu concentrations. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 226 (2021), p. 111071/1-10
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  Ümsür, B.; Maticiuc, N.; Kodalle, T.; Wenisch, R.; Majumdar, I.; Wang, Y.; Yetkin, H.A.; Bertram, T.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Schlatmann, R.; Lauermann, I.: Impact of RbF post deposition treatment on CdS/CIGSe and Zn(O,S)/CIGSe interfaces - A comparative HAXPES study. Renewable Energy 180 (2021), p. 626-636
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  Wang, H.; Delacroix, S.; Zieleniewska, A.; Hou, J.; Tarakina, N.V.; Cruz, D.; Lauermann, I.; Ferguson, A.J.; Blackburn, J.L.; Strauss, V.: In Situ Synthesis of Molybdenum Carbide Nanoparticles Incorporated into Laser-Patterned Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for Room Temperature VOC Sensing. Advanced Functional Materials 31 (2021), p. 2104061/1-11

2020

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  Brandi, F.; Bäumel, M.; Molinari, V.; Shekova, I.; Lauermann, I.; Heil, T.; Antonietti, M.; Al-Naji, M.: Nickel on nitrogen-doped carbon pellets for continuous-flow hydrogenation of biomass-derived compounds in water. Green Chemistry 22 (2020), p. 2755-2766
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  Majumdar, I.; Parvan, V.; Greiner, D.; Schlatmann, R.; Lauermann, I.: Effect of Na from soda-lime glass substrate and as post-deposition on Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ absorbers: A photoelectron spectroscopy study in ultra-high vacuum. Applied Surface Science 514 (2020), p. 145941/1-10
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  Pfrommer, J.; Steigert, A.; Göbel, C.; Lauermann, I.; Calvet, W.; Klenk, R.; Mikhailov, S.; Azarpira, A.; Lublow, M.; Selve, S.; Driess, M.; Schedel-Niedrig, T.: Novel, large area scalable polycrystalline Zn_1-xCo_xO films RF sputtered from a single mixed target for electrochemical water oxidation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45 (2020), p. 9380-9385
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  Salis, E.; Gerber, A.; Andreasen, J.W.; Gevorgyan, S.A.; Betts, T.; Mihaylov, B.; Gottschalg, R.; Kodolbas, A.O.; Yilmaz, O.; Leidl, R.; Rennhofer, M.; Zamini, S.; Acciarri, M.; Binetti, S.; Lotter, E.; Bakker, K.; Kroon, J.; Soppe, W.; Razongles, G.; Mercaldo, L.V.; Roca, F.; Romano, A.; Hohl-Ebinger, J.; Warta, W.; Balenzategui, J.L.; Trigo, J.F.; Neubert, S.; Pavanello, D.; Müllejans, H.; Lauermann, I.: A European proficiency test on thin-film tandem photovoltaic devices. Progress in Photovoltaics 28 (2020), p. 1258-1276

2019

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  Calvet, W.; Ümsür, B.; Steigert, A.; Prietzel, K.; Greiner, D.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Unold, T.; Lux-Steiner, M.; Lauermann, I.: In situ investigation of as grown Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ thin films by means of photoemission spectroscopy. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 37 (2019), p. 031510/1-6
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  Christodoulou, C.; Wolter, B.; Ioakeimides, A.; Chouliaras, G.; Wiesner, S.; Lauermann, I.; Centeno, A.; Zurutuza, A.; Lux-Steiner, M.; Fostiropoulos, K.: Surface analysis and surface doping of graphene on indium-tin-oxide. Thin Solid Films 682 (2019), p. 57-62
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  Cruz, D.; Cerrillo, J.G.; Kumru, B.; Li, N.; Perea, J.D.; Schmidt, B.V.K.J.; Lauermann, I.; Brabec, C.J.; Antonietti, M.: Influence of Thiazole-Modified Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Feasible Electronic Properties on Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society 141 (2019), p. 12322-12328
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  El-Nagar, G.; Lauermann, I.; Sarhan, R.; Roth, C.: Correction: Hierarchically structured iron-doped silver (Ag-Fe) lotus flowers for an efficient oxygen reduction reaction. Nanoscale 11 (2019), p. 11975
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  El-Nagar, G.A.; Delikay, Ö.; Lauermann, I.; Roth, C.: Platinum Nanostructure Tailoring for Fuel Cell Applications Using Levitated Water Droplets as Green Chemical Reactors. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11 (2019), p. 22398-22407
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  Fetyan, A.; El-Nagar, G.; Lauermann, I.; Schnucklake, M.; Schneider, J.; Roth, C.: Detrimental role of hydrogen evolution and its temperature-dependent impact on the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries. Journal of Energy Chemistry 32 (2019), p. 57-62
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  Fostiropoulos, K.; Mete, T.; Li, Z.; Lauermann, I.: Temperature-induced molecule assembly effects on the NEXAFS spectra of Zn-phthalocyanine layers on Si substrates. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26 (2019), p. 1260-1265
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  Jost, M.; Bertram, T.; Koushik, D.; Marquez, J.; Verheijen, M.; Heinemann, M.D.; Köhnen, E.; Al-Ashouri, A.; Braunger, S.; Lang, F.; Rech, B.; Unold, T.; Creatore, M.; Lauermann, I.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Schlatmann, R.; Albrecht, S.: 21.6%-efficient Monolithic Perovskite/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Tandem Solar Cells with Thin Conformal Hole Transport Layers for Integration on Rough Bottom Cell Surfaces. ACS Energy Letters 4 (2019), p. 583-590
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  Jost, M.; Bertram, T.; Koushik, D.; Marquez, J.A.; Verheijen, M.A.; Heinemann, M.D.; Kohnen, E.; Al-Ashouri, A.; Rech, B.; Unold, T.; Creatore, M.; Lauermann, I.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Schlatmann, R.; Albrecht, S.: Highly efficient monolithic perovskite/CIGSe tandem solar cells on rough bottom cell surfaces. In: Proceedings 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists ConferencePiscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019. - ISBN 978-1-7281-0494-2, p. 738-742
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  Kodalle, T.; An Hsu, C.; Bertram, T.; Maticiuc, N.; Lauche, J.; Kafedjiska, I.; Lauermann, I.; Schlatmann, R.; Ferekides, C.S.; Kaufmann, C.A.: Reducing Air- and Moisture-Induced Degradation of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Absorber Layers for Thin Film Solar Cells by RbCl Treatment. In: Proceedings 46th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists ConferenceNew York, NY: IEEE, 2019. - ISBN 978-1-7281-0494-2, p. 159-164
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  Lauermann, I.; Salis, E.; Gerber, A.; Wenzel Andreasen, J.; Gevorgyan, S.A.; Betts, T.; Blagovest, M.; Gottschalg, R.; Osman Kodolbas, A.; Yilmaz, O.; Leidl, R.; Rennhofer, M.; Zamini, S.; Acciarri, M.; Binetti, S.; Lotter, E.; Bakker, K.; Kroon, J.; Soppe, W.; Razongles, G.; Mercaldo, L.V.; Roca, F.; Romano, A.; Hohl-Ebinger, J.; Warta, W.; Balenzategui, J.L.; Trigo, J.F.; Neubert, S.; Schlatmann, R.; Pavanello, D.; Müllejans, H.: European thin film tandem device proficiency test-practical outcomes and preliminary results. In: 36th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and ExhibitionMünchen: WIP, 2019. - ISBN 3-936338-60-4, p. 649-653
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  Markushyna, Y.; Teutloff, C.; Kurpil, B.; Cruz, D.; Lauermann, I.; Zhao, Y.; Antonietti, M.; Savateev, A.: Halogenation aromatic hydrocarbons by halide anion oxidation with poly(heptazine imide) photocatalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 248 (2019), p. 211–217
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  Muench, F.; El-Nagar, G.; Tichter, T.; Zintler, A.; Kunz, U.; Molina-Luna, L.; Sikolenko, V.; Pasquini, C.; Lauermann, I.; Roth, C.: Conformal Solution Deposition of Pt-Pd Titania Nanocomposite Coatings for Light-Assisted Formic Acid Electro-Oxidation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11 (2019), p. 43081-43092
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  Muydinov, R.; Steigert, A.; Wollgarten, M.; Michalowski, P.P.; Bloeck, U.; Pflug, A.; Erfurt, D.; Klenk, R.; Körner, S.; Lauermann, I.; Szyszka, B.: Crystallisation Phenomena of In₂O₃:H Films. Materials 12 (2019), p. 266/1-20
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  Ren, J.; Weber, F.; Weigert, F.; Wang, Y.; Choudhury, S.; Xiao, J.; Lauermann, I.; Resch-Genger, U.; Bande, A.; Petit, T.: Influence of surface chemistry on optical, chemical and electronic properties of blue luminescent carbon dots. Nanoscale 11 (2019), p. 2056-2064

2018

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  El-Nagar, G.A.; Lauermann, I.; Sarhanad, R.M.; Roth, C.: Hierarchically structured iron-doped silver (Ag–Fe) lotus flowers for an efficient oxygen reduction reaction. Nanoscale 10 (2018), p. 7304-7310
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  Kodalle, T.; Heinemann, M.D.; Greiner, D.; Yetkin, H.A.; Klupsch, M.; Li, C.; Aken, P.A. van; Lauermann, I.; Schlatmann, R.; Kaufmann, C.A.: Elucidating the Mechanism of an RbF Post Deposition Treatment in CIGS Thin Film Solar Cells. Solar RRL 2 (2018), p. 1800156/1-9
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  Lin, X.; Madhavanc, V.E.; Kavalakkatt, J.; Hinrichs, V.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Ennaoui, A.; Klenk, R.: Inkjet-printed CZTSSe absorbers and influence of sodium on device performance. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 180 (2018), p. 373-380
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  Maticiuc, N.; Kodalle, T.; Lauche, J.; Wenisch, R.; Bertram, T.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Lauermann, I.: In vacuo XPS investigation of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ surface after RbF post-deposition treatment. Thin Solid Films 665 (2018), p. 143-147
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  Parvan, V.; Mizrak, A.; Majumdar, I.; Ümsür, B.; Calvet, W.; Greiner, D.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Dittrich, T.; Avancini, E.; Lauermann, I.: Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ surface treatment with Na and NaF: A combined photoelectron spectroscopy and surface photovoltage study in ultra-high vacuum. Applied Surface Science 444 (2018), p. 436-441
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  Wang, Y.; Wenisch, R.; Schlatmann, R.; Lauermann, I.: Inorganic Materials as Hole Selective Contacts and Intermediate Tunnel Junction Layer for Monolithic Perovskite-CIGSe Tandem Solar Cells. Advanced Energy Materials (2018), p. 1801692/1-18

2017

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  Adongo, J.O.; Neubert, T.J.; Sun, G.; Janietz, S.; Lauermann, I.; Rademann, K.; Rappich, J.: Fabrication and Characterization of Surfaces Modified with Carboxymethylthio Ligands for Chelate-Assisted Trapping of Copper. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9 (2017), p. 24273-24281
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  Algasinger, M.; Niesen, T.; Dalibor, T.; Steigert, A.; Klenk, R.; Lauermann, I.; Schlatmann, R.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Palm, J.: Efficient Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)₂ modules with sputtered Zn(O,S) buffer layer. Thin Solid Films 633 (2017), p. 231-234
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  El-Nagar, G.A.; Hassan, M.A.; Fetyan, A.; Kayarkatte, M.K.; Lauermann, I.; Roth, C.: A Promising N-doped Carbon-Metal Oxide Hybrid Electrocatalyst Derived from Crustacean’s Shells: Oxygen Reduction and Oxygen Evolution. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 214 (2017), p. 137-147
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  El-Nagar, G.A.; Hassan, M.A.; Lauermann, I.; Roth, C.: Efficient Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFCs) Anode Derived from Seafood waste: Migration Mechanism. Scientific Reports 7 (2017), p. 17818/1-11
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  El-Nagar, G.A.; Sarhan, R.M.; Abouserie, A.; Maticiuc, N.; Bargheer, M.; Lauermann, I.; Roth, C.: Efficient 3D-silver flower-like microstructures for non-enzymatic hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) amperometric detection. Scientific Reports 7 (2017), p. 12181/1-8
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  Majumdar, I.; Ümsür, B.; Chacko, B.; Greiner, D.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Schlatmann, R.; Lauermann, I.: Surface Modifications of Na and K Metal Incorporated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Absorbers Investigated by Synchrotron-Based Spectroscopies. Physica Status Solidi C 14 (2017), p. 1700167/1-7
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  Mei, S.; Jafta, C.J.; Lauermann, I.; Ran, Q.; Kärgell, M.; Ballauff, M.; Lu, Y.: Porous Ti₄O₇ Particles with Interconnected-Pores Structure as High-Efficiency Polysulfide Mediator for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Advanced Functional Materials 27 (2017), p. 1701176/1-10
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  Olar, T.; Manoharan, A.; Draxl, C.; Calvet, W.; Ümsur, B.; Parvan, V.; Chacko, B.; Xie, H.; Saucedo, E.; Valle-Rios, L.E.; Neldner, K.; Schorr, S.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Lauermann, I.: Valence and conduction band edges of selenide and sulfide-based kesterites - a study by x-ray based spectroscopy and ab initio theory. Semiconductor Science and Technology 32 (2017), p. 104010/1-7
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  von Morzé, N.; Dittrich, T.; Calvet, W.; Lauermann, I.; Rusu, M.: Transient and modulated charge separation at CuInSe₂/C₆₀ and CuInSe₂/ZnPc hybrid interfaces. Applied Surface Science 396 (2017), p. 366-374
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  Wang, Y.; Steigert, A.; Yin, G.; Parvan, V.; Klenk, R.; Schlatmann, R.; Lauermann, I.: Cu2O as a Potential Intermediate Transparent Conducting Oxide Layer for Monolithic Perovskite-CIGSe Tandem Solar Cells. Physica Status Solidi C 14 (2017), p. 1700164/1-6

2016

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  Bercegol, A.; Chacko, B.; Klenk, R.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Liero, M.: Point contacts at the copper-indium-gallium-selenide interface - a theoretical outlook. Journal of Applied Physics 119 (2016), p. 155304-155304-7
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  Lauermann, I.; Steigert, A.: CISSY: A station for preparation and surface/interface analysis of thin film materials and devices. Journal of Large Scale Research Facilities JLSRF 2 (2016), p. A-67
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  Xie, H.; Lopez-Marino, S.; Olar, T.; Sanchez, Y.; Neuschitzer, M.; Oliva, F.; Giraldo, S.; Izquierdo-Roca, V.; Lauermann, I.; Perez-Rodriguez, A.; Saucedo, E.: Impact of Na Dynamics at the Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄/CdS Interface During Post Low Temperature Treatment of Absorbers. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8 (2016), p. 5017-5024

2015

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  Bröker, S.; Kück, D.; Timmer, A.; Lauermann, I.; Ümsür, B.; Greiner, D.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Mönig, H.: Correlating the Local Defect-Level Density with the Macroscopic Composition and Energetics of Chalcopyrite Thin-Film Surfaces. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7 (2015), p. 13062-13072
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  Calvet, W.; Ümsür, B.; Höpfner, B.; Lauermann, I.; Prietzel, K.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Unold, T.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.: Locally resolved investigation of wedged Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ films prepared by physical vapor deposition using hard X-ray photoelectron and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Thin Solid Films 582 (2015), p. 361-365
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  Höpfner, B.; Steigert, A.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.: Transparent back contacts for chalcopyrites: Temperature dependency of Cu diffusion into i-ZnO substrates. EPL 109 (2015), p. 28004/p1-p5
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  Merdes, S.; Steigert, A.; Ziem, F.; Lauermann, I.; Klenk, R.; Hergert, F.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Schlatmann, R.: Influence of Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)₂ surface treatments on the properties of 30 x 30 cm² large area modules with atomic layer deposited Zn(O,S) buffers. Thin Solid Films 574 (2015), p. 28-31
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  Merdes, S.; Ziem, F.; Lavrenko, T.; Walter, T.; Lauermann, I.; Klingsporn, M.; Schmidt, S.; Hergert, F.; Schlatmann, R.: Above 16% efficient sequentially grown Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2-based solar cells with atomic layer deposited Zn(O,S) buffers. Progress in Photovoltaics 23 (2015), p. 1493-1500
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  Muydinov, R.; Steigert, A.; Schönau, S.; Ruske, F.; Kraehnert, R.; Eckhardt, B.; Lauermann, I.; Szyszka, B.: Water-assisted nitrogen mediated crystallisation of ZnO films. Thin Solid Films 590 (2015), p. 177-183
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  Neuschitzer, M.; Sanchez, Y.; Olar, T.; Thersleff, T.; Lopez-Marino, S.; Oliva, F.; Espindola-Rodriguez, M.; Xie, H.; Placidi, M.; Izquierdo-Roca, V.; Lauermann, I.; Leifer, K.; Perez-Rodriguez, A.; Saucedo, E.: Complex Surface Chemistry of Kesterites: Cu/Zn Reordering after Low Temperature Postdeposition Annealing and Its Role in High Performance Devices. Chemistry of Materials 27 (2015), p. 5279-5287
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  Olar, T.; Lauermann, I.; Xie, H.; Neuschitzer, M.; Saucedo, E.; Calvet, W.; Steigert, A.; Ümsür, B.; Chacko, B.; Parvan, V.; Gorgoi, M.; Senkovskiy, B.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.: Assessment of chemical and electronic surface properties of the Cu₂ZnSn(SSe)₄ after different etching procedures by synchrotron-based spectroscopies. Energy Procedia 84 (2015), p. 8-16
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  Pomaska, M.; Sáez-Araoz, R.; Steigert, A.; Fu, Y.; Hergert, F.; Lauermann, I.; Dittrich, T.; Lux-Steiner, M.-C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.: Influence of Cl and H₂O in spray-ILGAR solutions on the voltage gain of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ solar cells with In₂S₃ buffer. Scientific Reports 132 (2015), p. 303–310
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  Steigert, A.; Lauermann, I.; Niesen, T.; Dalibor, T.; Palm, J.; Körner, S.; Scherg-Kurmes, H.; Muydinov, R.; Szyszka, B.; Klenk, R.: Sputtered Zn(O,S)/In₂O₃:H window layers for enhanced blue response of chalcopyrite solar cells. Physica Status Solidi - Rapid Research Letters 9 (2015), p. 627-360
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  Ümsür, B.; Calvet, W.; Höpfner, B.; Steigert, A.; Lauermann, I.; Gorgoi, M.; Prietzel, K.; Navirian, H.; Kaufmann, C.; Unold, T.; Lux-Steiner, M.: Investigation of Cu-poor and Cu-rich Cu(In,Ga)Se₂/CdS interfaces using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thin Solid Films 582 (2015), p. 366-370
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  Yin, G.; Steigert, A.; Andrä, P.; Goebelt, M.; Latzel, M.; Manley, P.; Lauermann, I.; Christiansen, S.; Schmid, M.: Integration of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles as back reflector in ultra-thin Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ solar cells. Applied Surface Science 355 (2015), p. 800-804

2014

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  Caballero, R.; Nichterwitz, M.; Steigert, A.; Eicke, A.; Lauermann, I.; Schock, H.W.; Kaufmann, C.A.: Impact of Na on MoSe₂ formation at the CIGSe/Mo interface in thin-film solar cells on polyimide foil at low process temperatures. Acta Materialia 63 (2014), p. 54-62
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  Lehmann, J.; Lehmann, S.; Lauermann, I.; Rissom, T.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Bär, M.; Sadewasser, S.: Reliable wet-chemical cleaning of natively oxidized high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ thin-film solar cell absorbers. Journal of Applied Physics 116 (2014), p. 233502/1-11
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  Merdes, S.; Malinen, V.; Ziem, F.; Lauermann, I.; Schüle, M.; Stober, F.; Hergert, F.; Papathanasiou, N.; Schlatmann, R.: Zn(O,S) buffer prepared by atomic layer deposition for sequentially grown Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)₂ solar cells and modules. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 126 (2014), p. 120-124
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  Pistor, P.; Greiner, D.; Kaufmann, C.; Brunken, S.; Gorgoi, M.; Steigert, A.; Calvet, W.; Lauermann, I.; Klenk, R.; Unold, T.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.: Experimental indication for band gap widening of chalcopyrite solar cell absorbers after potassium fluoride treatment. Applied Physics Letters 105 (2014), p. 063901/1-4
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  Sarmieno-Pérez, R.; Botti, S.; Schnohr, C.S.; Lauermann, I.; Rubio Secades, A.; Johnson, B.: Local versus global electronic properties of chalcopyrite alloys: X-ray absorption spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Journal of Applied Physics 116 (2014), p. 093703/1-5

2013

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  Fu, Y.; Sáez Araoz, R.; Koehler, T.; Krueger, M.; Abou-Ras, D.; Steigert, A; Lauermann, I.; Bloeck, U.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Fischer, C.-H.: Self-Assembled, Stabilizer-Free ZnS Nanodot Films using Spray-based Approaches. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117 (2013), p. 24632–24639
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  Fu, Y.; Saez-Araoz, R.; Köhler, T.; Krueger, M.; Steigert, A.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Fischer, Ch.-H.: Spray-ILGAR ZnS nanodots/In₂S₃ as defect passivation/point contact bilayer buffer for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 117 (2013), p. 293-299
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  Johnson, B.; Klaer, J.; Merdes, S.; Gorgoi, M.; Höpfner, B.; Vollmer, A.; Lauermann, I.: Limitations of Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure as a tool for observing conduction bands in chalcopyrite solar cell heterojunctions. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 190 (2013), p. 42-46
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  Juma, A.O.; Azarpira, A.; Steigert, A.; Pomaska, M.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Lauermann, I.; Dittrich, Th.: Role of chlorine in In₂S₃ for band alignment at nanoporous-TiO₂/In₂S₃ interfaces. Journal of Applied Physics 114 (2013), p. 053711/1-5
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  Paul, A.; Paul, N.; Jutimoosik, J.; Yimnirun, R.; Rujirawat, S.; Höpfner, B.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.; Mattauch, S.; Böni, P.: Change in interface magnetism of an exchange-coupled system due to the presence of nonmagnetic spacers. Physical Review B 87 (2013), p. 014431/1-18
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  Paul, N.; Müller, M.; Paul, A.; Guenther, E.; Lauermann, I.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.: Molecularly imprinted conductive polymers for controlled trafficking of neurotransmitters at solid-liquid interfaces. Soft Matter 9 (2013), p. 1364-1371

2012

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  Gloskovskii, A.; Jenkins, C.A.; Ouardi, S.; Balke, B.; Fecher, G.H.; Dai, X.-F.; Gruhn, T.; Johnson, B.; Lauermann, I.; Caballero, R.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Felser, C.: Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of chalcopyrite solar cell components. Applied Physics Letters 100 (2012), p. 092108/1-3
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  Grimm, A.; Kieven, D.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Hergert, F.; Schwieger, R.; Klenk, R.: Zn(O, S) layers for chalcoyprite solar cells sputtered from a single target. EPJ Photovoltaics 3 (2012), p. 30302/p1 - p4
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  Johnson, B.; Klaer, J.; Fischer, Ch--H.; Lauermann, I.: Depth profiling of a CdS buffer layer on CuInS₂ measured with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy during removal by HCl etching. Thin Solid Films 520 (2012), p. 2829-2832
• 
  Johnson, B.; Klaer, J.; Vollmer, A.; Lauermann, I.: Electronic effects of Cd on the formation of the CdS/CuInS₂ heterojunction. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 30 (2012), p. 04D114/1-8
• 
  Kieven, D.; Grimm, A.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Palm, J.; Niesen, T.; Klenk, R.: Band alignment at sputtered ZnS_xO_1-x/Cu(In,Ga) (Se,S)₂ heterojunctions. Physica Status Solidi - Rapid Research Letters 6 (2012), p. 294-296
• 
  Ortel, E.; Sokolov, S.; Zielke, C.; Lauermann, I.; Selve, S.; Weh, K.; Paul, B.; Polte, J.; Kraehnert, R.: Supported Mesoporous and Hierarchical Porous Pd/TiO₂ Catalytic Coatings with Controlled Particle Size and Pore Structure. Chemistry of Materials 24 (2012), p. 3828-3838
• 
  Paul, A.; Paul, N.; Trautmann, C.; Mattauch, S.; Jutimoosik, J.; Yimnirun, R.; Rujirawat, S.; Höpfner, B.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.; Böni, P.: Direct manipulation of the uncompensated antiferromagnetic spins in exchange coupled system by GeV ion irradiation. Applied Physics Letters 100 (2012), p. 253102/1-5
• 
  Schlaf, R.; Höpfner, B.; Figueroa, J.; Tridas, E.; Welter, E.; Köhler, T.; Lauermann, I.; Fischer, Ch.-H.: X-ray absorption measurements on an ultrasonic spray aerosol. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 19 (2012), p. 126-128
• 
  Schorr, S.; Mainz, R.; Moenig, H.; Lauermann, I.; Bär, M.: The complex material properties of chalcopyrite and kesterite thin-film solar cell absorbers tackled by synchrotron-based analytics. Progress in Photovoltaics 20 (2012), p. 557-567

2011

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  Grimm, A.; Kieven, D.; Klenk, R.; Lauermann, I.; Neisser, A.; Niesen, T.; Palm, J.: Junction formation in chalcopyrite solar cells by sputtered wide gap compound semiconductors. Thin Solid Films 520 (2011), p. 1330-1333
• 
  Kieven, D.; Grimm, A.; Beleanu, A.; Blum, C.G.F.; Schmidt, J.; Rissom, T.; Lauermann, I.; Gruhn, T.; Felser, C.; Klenk, R.: Preparation and properties of radio-frequency-sputtered half-Heusler films for use in solar cells. Thin Solid Films 519 (2011), p. 1866-1871
• 
  Lauermann, I.: Untersuchung von Grenzflächen in Chalkopyrit-Dünnschichtsolarzellen. Vakuum in Forschung und Praxis 23 (2011), p. 35-39
• 
  Lauermann, I.; Bär, M.; Fischer, C.-H.: Synchrotron-based spectroscopy for the characterization of surfaces and interfaces in chalcopyrite thin-film solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95 (2011), p. 1495-1508
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  Mönig, H.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Grimm, A.; Caballero, R.; Johnson, B.; Eicke, A.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Lauermann, I.: Gallium gradients in chalcopyrite thin films: Depth profile analyses of films grown at different temperatures. Journal of Applied Physics 110 (2011), p. 093509/1-7
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  Sun, G.; Hovestaedt, M.; Zhang, X.; Hinrichs, K.; Rosu, D.M.; Lauermann, I.; Zielke, C.; Vollmer, A.; Loechel, H.; Ay, B.; Holzhuetter, H.-G.; Schade, U.; Esser, N.; Volkmer, R.; Rappich, J.: Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (IRSE) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) monitoring the preparation of maleimide-functionalized surfaces: from Au towards Si (111). Surface and Interface Analysis 43 (2011), p. 1203-1210

2010

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  Caballero, R.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Eisenbarth, T.; Grimm, A.; Lauermann, I.; Unold, T.; Klenk, R.; Schock, H.W.;: Influence of Na on Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ solar cells grown on polyimide substrates at low temperature: Impact on the Cu(In,Ga)Se₂/Mo interface. Applied Physics Letters 96 (2010), p. 092104/1-3
• 
  Camus, C.; Abou-Ras, D.; Allsop, N.A.; Gledhill, S.E.; Köhler, T.; Rappich, J.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.: Formation of CuInS₂-carbon multilayers in the spray ILGAR process. Physica Status Solidi A 207 (2010), p. 129-131
• 
  Greil, S.M.; Lauermann, I.; Ennaoui, A.; Kropp, T.; Lange, K.M.; Weber, M.; Aziz, E.F.: In situ investigation of wet chemical processes for chalcopyrite solar cells by L-edge XAS under ambient conditions. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research B 268 (2010), p. 263-267
• 
  Grimm, A.; Just, J.; Kieven, D.; Lauermann, I.; Palm, J.; Neisser, A.; Rissom, T.; Klenk, R.: Sputtered Zn(O,S) for junction formation in chalcopyrite-based thin film solar cells. Physica Status Solidi - Rapid Research Letters 4 (2010), p. 109-111
• 
  Kieven, D.; Grimm, A.; Lauermann, I.; Rissom, T.; Klenk, R.: Band alignment at Sb₂S₃/Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ heterojunctions and electronic characteristics of solar cell devices based on them. Applied Physics Letters 96 (2010), p. 262101/1-3
• 
  Marsen, B.; Steinkopf, L.; Singh, A.; Wilhelm, H.; Lauermann, I.; Unold, T.; Scheer, R.; Schock, H.-W.: Effects of Ti-incorporation in CuInS₂ solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 94 (2010), p. 1730-1733
• 
  Mönig, H.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Grimm, A.; Johnson, B.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Caballero, R.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.: Surface Cu-depletion of Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 thin films: Further experimental evidence for a defect-induced surface reconstruction. Journal of Applied Physics 107 (2010), p. 113540/1-5
• 
  Mönig, H.; Smith, Y.; Caballero, R.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Sadewasser, S.: Direct Evidence for a Reduced Density of Deep Level Defects at Grain Boundaries of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Thin Films. Physical Review Letters 105 (2010), p. 116802/1-4
• 
  Pistor, P.; Kötschau, I.; Grimm, A.; Jung, C.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Fischer, C.-H.: Extended soft X-ray emission spectroscopy: quantitative assessment of emission intensities. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 17 (2010), p. 791-798
• 
  Rusu, M.; Wiesner, S.; Lauermann, I.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Fostiropoulos, K.; Audinot, J.; Fleming, Y.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.: Formation of charge-selective Mg–Ag electrodes to CuPc: C₆₀ blend layers. Applied Physics Letters 97 (2010), p. 073504/1-3

2009

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  Bai, Y.; Knittlmayer, C.; Gledhill, S.; Lauermann, I.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Weppner, W.: Preparation and characterization of Li₂CoMn₃O₈ thin film cathodes for high energy lithium batteries. Ionics 15 (2009), p. 11-17
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  Erfurth, F.; Hußmann, B.; Schöll, A.; Reinert, F.; Grimm, A.; Lauermann, I.; Bär, M.; Niesen, Th.; Palm, J.; Visbeck, S.; Weinhardt, L.; Umbach, E.: Chemical structure of the (Zn_1-x,Mg_x)O/CuIn(S,Se)₂ interface in thin film solar cells. Applied Physics Letters 95 (2009), p. 122104/1-3
• 
  Grimm, A.; Klenk, R.; Klaer, J.; Lauermann, I.; Meeder, A.; Voigt, S.; Neisser, A.: CuInS₂-based thin film solar cells with sputtered (Zn,Mg)O buffer. Thin Solid Films 518 (2009), p. 1157-1159
• 
  Johnson, B.; Korte, L.; Lußky, T.; Klaer, J.; Lauermann, I.: CuInS₂ - CdS heterojunction valence band offset measured with near-UV constant final state yield spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physics 106 (2009), p. 073712/1-6
• 
  Lauermann, I. ; Kropp, T. ; Vottier, D. ; Ennaoui, A. ; Eberhardt, W. ; Aziz, E.F: In Situ Analysis of the Zn(S,O) Buffer Layer Preparation for Chalcopyrite Solar Cells by Zn L-edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy. ChemPhysChem 10 (2009), p. 532-535
• 
  Moenig, H.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Caballero, R.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Allsop, N.; Gorgoi, M.; Klenk, R.; Schock, H.-W.; Lehmann, S.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Lauermann, I.: Surface Cu depletion of Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 films: An investigation by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Acta Materialia 57 (2009), p. 3645-3651
• 
  Pistor, P.; Allsop, N.; Braun, W.; Caballero, R.; Camus, C.; Fischer, Ch -H.; Gorgoi, M.; Grimm, A.; Johnson, B.; Kropp, T.; Lauermann, I.; Lehmann, S.; Moenig, H.; Schorr, S.; Weber, A.; Klenk, R.: Cu in In₂S₃: interdiffusion phenomena analysed by high kinetic energy X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Physica Status Solidi A 206 (2009), p. 1059-1062
• 
  Rusu, M.; Bär, M.; Lehmann, S.; Sadewasser, S.; Weinhardt, L.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Strub, E.; Röhrich, J.; Bohne, W.; Lauermann, I.; Jung, Ch.; Heske, C.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.: Three-dimensional structure of the buffer/absorber interface in CdS/CuGaSe₂ based thin film solar cells. Applied Physics Letters 95 (2009), p. 173502/1-3

2008

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  Bär, M.; Rusu, M.; Lehmann, S.; Schedel-Niedrig, Th.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.: The chemical and electronic surface and interface structure of CuGaSe₂ thin-film solar cell absorbers. Applied Physics Letters 93 (2008), p. 232104/1-3
• 
  Camus, C.; Allsop, N.A.; Gledhill, S.E.; Bohne, W.; Röhrich, J.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M. C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.: Properties of Spray ILGAR CuInS₂ thin films. Thin Solid Films 516 (2008), p. 7026-7030
• 
  Mönig, H.; Lauermann, I.; Grimm, A.; Camus, C.; Kaufmann, C.A.; Pistor, P.; Jung, Ch.; Kropp, T.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.: Controlled variation of the information depth by angle dependent soft X-ray emission spectroscopy: A study on polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se₂. Applied Surface Science 255 (2008), p. 2474-2477

2007

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  Allsop, N.A.; Camus, C.; Hänsel, A.; Gledhill, S.E.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.: Indium sulfide buffer/CIGSSe interface engineering: Improved cell performance by the addition of zinc sulfide. Thin Solid Films 515 (2007), p. 6068-6072
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  Bär, M. ; Allsop, N. ; Lauermann, I. ; Fischer, Ch.-H.: Deposition of In₂S₃ on Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ thin film solar cell absorbers by spray ion layer gas reaction: Evidence of strong interfacial diffusion. Applied Physics Letters 90 (2007), p. 132118/1-3
• 
  Bär, M.; Reichardt, J.; Sieber, I.; Grimm, A.; Kötschau, I.; Lauermann, I.; Sokoll, S.; Niesen, T.P.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.: ZnO layers deposited by the ion layer gas reaction on Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ thin film solar cell absorbers - impact of 'damp-heat' conditions on the layer properties. Progress in Photovoltaics 15 (2007), p. 187-198
• 
  Kötschau, I.M. ; Weber, A. ; Pistor, P. ; Lauermann, I. ; Fischer, Ch.-H. ; Schock, H.W.: Advanced X-ray methods for chalcogenide thin film analysis. Thin Solid Films 515 (2007), p. 5992-5996
• 
  Lauermann, I.; Loreck, Ch.; Grimm, A.; Klenk, R.; Mönig, H.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Visbeck, S.; Niesen, T.P.: Cu-accumulation at the interface between sputter-(Zn,Mg)O and Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ - A key to understanding the need for buffer layers? Thin Solid Films 515 (2007), p. 6015-6019

2006

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  Bär, M.; Ennaoui, A.; Klaer, J.; Kropp, T.; Sáez-Araoz, R.; Lehmann, S.; Grimm, A.; Lauermann, I.; Loreck, Ch.; Sokoll, St.; Schock, H.-W.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Jung, Ch.: Intermixing at the heterointerface between ZnS/Zn(S,O) bilayer buffer and CuInS₂ thin film solar cell absorber. Journal of Applied Physics 100 (2006), p. 064911/1-9
• 
  Bär, M.; Reichardt, J.; Sieber, I.; Grimm, A.; Kötschau, I.; Lauermann, I.; Sokoll, S.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Niesen, T.P.: ZnO layers deposited by the ion layer gas reaction on Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ thin film solar cell absorbers: Morphology, growth mechanism, and composition. Journal of Applied Physics 100 (2006), p. 023710/1-9
• 
  Fischer, Ch.-H.; Bär, M.; Glatzel, Th.; Lauermann, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.: Interface engineering in chalcopyrite thin film solar devices. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90 (2006), p. 1471-1485
• 
  Lehmann, S.; Bär, M.; Fuertes-Marron, D.; Pistor, P.; Wiesner, S.; Rusu, M.; Kötschau, I.; Lauermann, I.; Grimm, A.; Sokoll, S.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Schedel-Niedrig, Th.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Jung, Ch.: CuGaSe₂-CuGa₃Se₅ phase transition in CCSVT-grown thin films. Thin Solid Films 511-512 (2006), p. 623-627
• 
  Muffler, H.-J. ; Bär, M. ; Lauermann, I. ; Rahne, K. ; Schröder, M. ; Lux-Steiner, M.C. ; Fischer, C.-H. ; Niesen, T.P. ; Karg, F.: Colloid attachment by ILGAR-layers: Creating fluorescing layers to increase quantum efficiency of solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 90 (2006), p. 3143-3150
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  Weinhardt, L.; Fuchs, O.; Peter, A.; Umbach, E.; Heske, C.; Reichardt, J.; Bär, M.; Lauermann, I.; Kötschau, I.; Grimm, A.; Sokoll, S.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Niesen, T.P.; Visbeck, S.; Karg, F.: Spectroscopic investigation of the deeply buried Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂/Mo interface in thin-film solar cells. Journal of Chemical Physics 124 (2006), p. 074705/1-5

2005

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  Bär, M.; Lehmann, S.; Rusu, M.; Grimm, A.; Kötschau, I.; Lauermann, I.; Pistor, P. ; Sokoll, S.; Schedel-Niedrig, Th.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Weinhardt, L.; Heske, C.; Jung, Ch.: Cd²⁺/NH₃ treatment-induced formation of a CdSe surface Layer on CuGaSe₂ thin-film solar cell absorbers. Applied Physics Letters 86 (2005), p. 222107/1-3
• 
  Bär, M.; Reichardt, J.; Grimm, A.; Kötschau, I.; Lauermann, I.; Rahne, K.; Sokoll, S.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Weinhadt, L.; Umbach, E.; Heske C. ; Jung, Ch.; Niesen, T.P.; Visbeck, S.: Zn(O,OH) layers in chalcopyrite thin-film solar cells: Valence-band maximum versus composition. Journal of Applied Physics 98 (2005), p. 053702/1-8
• 
  Lauermann, I.; Pistor, P.; Kötschau, I.; Bär, M.: Synchrotron-based spectroscopy for the characterization of surfaces and interfaces in chalcopyrite solar cells. In: Shafarman W. [u.a.] [Eds.] : Thin-film compound semiconductor photovoltaics : symposium held March 29 - April 1. 2005, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.Warrendale, PA.: MRS, 2005 (Materials Research Society symposium proceedings ; 865), p. F2.1.1-F2.1.11
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  Reichardt, J.; Bär, M.; Grimm, A.; Kötschau, I.; Lauermann, I.; Sokoll, S.; Lux-Steiner, M.C.; Fischer, Ch.-H.; Heske, C.; Weinhardt, L.; Fuchs, O.; Jung, Ch.; Gudat, W.; Niesen, T.P.; Karg, F.: Inducing and monitoring photoelectrochemical reactions at surfaces and buried interfaces in Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ thin-film solar cells. Applied Physics Letters 86 (2005), p. 172102/1-3

2004

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  Siebentritt, S.; Walk, P.; Fiedeler, U.; Lauermann, I.; Rahne, K.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Niesen, Th.P.; Karg, F.: MOCVD as a dry deposition method of ZnSe buffers for Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ solar cells. Progress in Photovoltaics 12 (2004), p. 333-338

2003

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  Lauermann I.; Bär, M.; Ennaoui, A.; Fiedeler, U.; Fischer, Ch-H.; Grimm, A.; Kötschau, I.; Lux-Steiner, M.Ch.; Reichardt, J.; Sankapal, B.R.; Siebentritt, S.; Sokoll, S.; Weinhardt L.; Fuchs, O.; Heske, C.; Jung, C.; Gudat, W.; Karg, F.; Niesen, T.P.: Analysis of zinc compound buffer layers in Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)₂ thin film solar cells by synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectroscopy. In: Noufi, R. [u.a.] [Eds.] : Compound semiconductor photovoltaics : symposium held April 22 - 25, 2003, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.Warrendale, Pa.: Materials Research Society, 2003 (Materials Research Society symposium proceedings ; 763). - ISBN 1-55899-700-8, p. 175-180