Open Access Version

Abstract:
Shape distortions are a serious problem in the metalworking industry, distortion due to heat treatment is responsible for additional and cost machining operations. Minimizing or even avoiding heat treatment distortion is one of the key factors to minimize production costs. In the past, investigations had focused on single effects or isolated parameters steps in a manufacturing chain. It is well established now that each step of the process chain generates a “distortion potential” and a new global approach, treating distortion as a system attribute, analyzing the entire manufacturing chain from steelmaking to heat treatment process is necessary. The main idea of distortion engineering is that all steps of the manufacturing chain together contribute to the final distortion behavior. In this work, a steel route of combined cold-drawing process to induction hardening of ABNT 1045 steel bars was investigated. The residual stresses characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and synchrotron diffraction methods. The identification and interaction between factors on distortion behavior was carried out using statistical analysis, with the aid of DoE (Design of Experiments). For the DoE method the number of causes that can be considered were 5 parameters of the process, including: different batches, drawing angle, PERC angle, stress relief temperature and induction hardening depth. From the results obtained, the evaluation of which steps in the process induce higher "distortion potential" during the various steps of the process was carried out. From the measurements of residual stresses a detailed view of how these residual stresses are distributed for material in each step of the process was obtained, the results show significant differences along the peripheral positions in the pre-straightening and drawing stages. The experimental results indicate the microstructure of the material, wire rod geometry and the die angle process parameters as main "distortion potentials".