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We make use of the local and element-specific nature of core-level excitation to investigate the electronic structure in ultra-dilute gaseous, solvated, and liquid samples, which allows us to directly probe the effect of coordination and solvation on ions, solutes and ligands by following changes in spin state and oxidation state.

Sample preparation for x-ray absorption spectoscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy studies in the gas-phase using our worldwide unique IonTrap setup is performed in situ, either via gas-phase chemistry of sputtered metal ions, or from solution via electrospray ionization.

For the liquid phase XAS and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) spectroscopy studies, our LiXEdrom setup offers both flow-cells and liquid micro- and FlatJet capabilities for sample preparation and in operando multimodal investigations.