Photocatalysis: Processes in charge separation recorded experimentally
Contour plot of EH-Cu2O. The photovoltages are plotted as a function of photon energy (x-axis) and time (y-axis). Positive SPV signals (purple regions above 1.9 eV) correspond to the relaxation of holes trapped on {111} facets, whereas negative SPV signals (red regions) correspond to the relaxation of electrons trapped on {001} facets. © HZB
Certain metal oxides are considered good candidates for photocatalysts to produce green hydrogen with sunlight. A Chinese team has now published exciting results on copper(I) oxide particles in Nature, to which a method developed at HZB contributed significantly. Transient surface photovoltage spectroscopy showed that positive charge carriers on surfaces are trapped by defects in the course of microseconds. The results provide clues to increase the efficiency of photocatalysts.
Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen with the help of photocatalytically active particles could produce green hydrogen cheaply in the future: Sunlight activates charge carriers in photocatalysts, whose spatial separation plays a decisive role in photocatalytic water splitting. However, today's photocatalysts are still either very expensive or not very efficient.
Candidates for catalysts
Metal oxide particles are considered candidates with great potential. However, when charge carriers are activated by light, several processes overlap that take place at different speeds and on different spatial scales. To observe such processes experimentally, methods are needed that offer time resolutions down to femtoseconds, but can also observe longer processes that occur within microseconds and slower. This has now been achieved on microcrystalline copper(I) oxide particles by a team led by Fengtao Fan and Can Li from the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, China. The results are so interesting that Nature published the work and highlighted it with an News&Views article.
Fast and slow processes
Using rapid successive time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy images, the scientists showed that one of these processes occurs extremely quickly in Cu2O particles - in less than picoseconds (10-12 s): After excitation with light, electrons are transferred quasi-ballistically to {001} facets of Cu2O particles.
However, to experimentally observe a second process, a different method was required: because photogenerated "holes" migrate to {111} facets and are trapped there by defects. Thomas Dittrich was able to observe this important process using transient surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPV spectroscopy), a method he developed at HZB. "We found that hole trapping occurred relatively slowly, over the course of microseconds," he explains.
High temporal resolution over a wide range
Taken together, the results make it possible for the first time to study and better understand processes that limit photocatalysis on microcrystalline particles with high spatial and temporal resolution over wide ranges.
Versatile method to analyse semiconductors
"With transient SPV spectroscopy, we can also investigate other semiconductors and interfaces that are relevant, for example, for applications ranging from photovoltaics and photocatalysis to high-performance electronics," says Dittrich. Interesting insights into relaxation processes can also be gained from organic semiconductors or ultra-wideband semiconductors such as diamond. "Perhaps our publication in Nature spreads the message how useful this versatile method can be," says Dittrich.
Textbook: "Materials Concepts for Solar Cells", Imperial College Press (2014), 552 pages. ISBN: 978-1783264445
The textbook written by Thomas Dittrich and Steffen Fengler presents among other topics the SPV spectroscopy method.
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- Disorder creates new properties in compound semiconductorsAn international research team has demonstrated that the intrinsic disorder of the compound semiconductor CuInSnS₄ can be exploited to influence its optical properties. While the atomic vibrations also sense the local disorder, their response is averaged over many different local environments and therefore appear isotropic, as expected for a cubic crystal. In contrast, the optical excitations, known as excitons, are much more sensitive to the local arrangement of atoms. Surprisingly, they show a direction-dependent optical response even though the average crystal structure is cubic. These findings shed new light on the relationship between disorder and material properties, opening up new options for targeted 'disorder engineering' in optoelectronic and photocatalytic devices.