"Green" chemistry: BESSY II sheds light on mechanochemical synthesis
Finely ground powders can also react with each other without solvents to form the desired product. This is the approach of mechanochemistry. © F. Emmerling/BAM
The reagents are ground in a ball mill, and the formation of new products and phases can be followed via X-ray structure analysis at BESSY II. Picture: F. Emmerling/BAM © F. Emmerling/BAM
In mechanochemistry, reagents are finely ground and mixed so that they combine to form the desired product, even without need for solvent. By eliminating solvent, this technology promises to contribute significantly towards ‘green’ and environmentally benign chemical manufacture in the future. However, there are still major gaps in understanding the key processes that occur during mechanical treatment and reaction. A team led by the Federal Institute for Materials Research (BAM) has now developed a method at BESSY II to observe these processes in situ with X-ray scattering.
Chemical reactions are often based on the use of solvents that pollute the environment. Yet, many reactions can also work without solvent. This is the approach known as mechanochemistry, in which reagents are very finely ground and mixed together so that they react with each other to form the desired product. The mechanochemical approach is not only more environmentally friendly, but even potentially cheaper than classical synthesis methods. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) therefore ranks mechanochemistry among the 10 chemical innovations that will change our world. However, the full potential of this technology cannot be realized until the processes during mechanical treatment are understood in more detail, so that it is possible to precisely direct and control them.
Understanding what exactly happens during mechanical treatment and how the reactions take place is difficult to study. Traditionally, this is done by stopping the reaction and removing the material from the reactor for analysis "ex situ." However, many systems continue their transformation even after the milling process is stopped. Such reactions can only be studied by directly examining the reaction in situ during mechanical treatment.
Time-resolved in situ monitoring
Now, an international team including Dr. Adam Michalchuk and Dr. Franziska Emmerling from the Federal Institute for Materials Research (BAM) and researchers at the University of Cambridge and University of Parma used BESSY II's μSpot beamline to develope a method to gain insight in situ and during mechanical treatment.
To do so, the team used a combination of miniaturized grinding jars together with innovations in X-ray powder diffraction and state-of-the-art analysis strategies to significantly increase the quality of data from time-resolved in situ monitoring (TRIS).
Very small samples
"Even with exceptionally small sample volumes, we get an accurate composition and structure of each phase over the course of the reaction," says Michalchuk. Even with sample amounts as small as a few milligrams, good results were possible. In addition, they can determine the crystal size and other important parameters. This strategy is applicable to all chemical species, is easy to implement, and provides high-quality diffraction data even with a low-energy synchrotron source.
"This provides a direct route to the mechanochemical study of reactions involving scarce, expensive or toxic compounds," Emmerling says.
- Energy of charge carrier pairs in cuprate compoundsHigh-temperature superconductivity is still not fully understood. Now, an international research team at BESSY II has measured the energy of charge carrier pairs in undoped La₂CuO₄. Their findings revealed that the interaction energies within the potentially superconducting copper oxide layers are significantly lower than those in the insulating lanthanum oxide layers. These results contribute to a better understanding of high-temperature superconductivity and could also be relevant for research into other functional materials.
- Electrocatalysis with dual functionality – an overviewHybrid electrocatalysts can produce green hydrogen, for example, and valuable organic compounds simultaneously. This promises economically viable applications. However, the complex catalytic reactions involved in producing organic compounds are not yet fully understood. Modern X-ray methods at synchrotron sources such as BESSY II, enable catalyst materials and the reactions occurring on their surfaces to be analysed in real time, in situ and under real operating conditions. This provides insights that can be used for targeted optimisation. A team has now published an overview of the current state of knowledge in Nature Reviews Chemistry.
- BESSY II: Phosphorus chains – a 1D material with 1D electronic propertiesFor the first time, a team at BESSY II has succeeded in demonstrating the one-dimensional electronic properties in phosphorus. The samples consisted of short chains of phosphorus atoms that self-organise at specific angles on a silver substrate. Through sophisticated analysis, the team was able to disentangle the contributions of these differently aligned chains. This revealed that the electronic properties of each chain are indeed one-dimensional. Calculations predict an exciting phase transition to be expected as soon as these chains are more closely packed. While material consisting of individual chains with longer distances is semiconducting, a very dense chain structure would be metallic.