Vogel, Ch.; Radtke, M.; Reinholz, U.; Schäfers, F.; Adam, Ch.: Chemical State of Chromium, Sulfur and Iron in Sewage Sludge Ash based Phosphorus Fertilizers. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 3 (2015), p. 2376–2380
10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00678
Abstract:
As an essential element of all life forms, phosphorus (P) is vital to the fertilizer industry. With decreasing quantity and quality of phosphate rock resources, recycling P-fertilizers from wastewater is of increasing interest. The P-fertilizer products of a recently developed thermochemical process for P recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) were investigated by chromium, sulfur, and iron K-edge X-ray near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. This paper focuses the formation and prevention of toxic chromium(VI) and toxic sulfides during the thermochemical processes. Reducing conditions prevent the oxidation of chromium(III) in the SSA to toxic chromium(VI). Sulfides formed under the reducing conditions are nontoxic iron sul!des. Hematite (Fe2O3) present in the SSA is reduced to magnetite (Fe3O4). A gentle posttreatment at 400 °C under oxidizing conditions converts the iron sulfides into plant-available iron sulfates. This oxidative posttreatment does not form undesired chromium(VI) compounds.